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Antenna
An antenna is a transducer that converts guided waves propagating on a transmission line into electromagnetic waves propagating in an unbounded medium (usually free space), or performs the reverse conversion. It is a component used in radio equipment to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves.
Engineering systems such as radio communication, broadcasting, television, radar, navigation, electronic countermeasures, remote sensing, and radio astronomy—all systems that use electromagnetic waves to transmit information—rely on antennas to operate. In addition, in the transmission of energy via electromagnetic waves, non-signal energy radiation also requires antennas.
Generally, antennas have reciprocity: the same antenna can be used both as a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna. The basic characteristic parameters of the same antenna are identical whether used for transmission or reception.
An antenna radiates radio waves and also receives radio waves. However, what the transmitter feeds into the antenna through the feeder is not radio waves, nor can a receiving antenna send radio waves directly into the receiver via the feeder; an energy conversion process is required in both cases.
At the transmitting end, the modulated high-frequency oscillating current (energy) generated by the transmitter is fed into the transmitting antenna through a feeding device (which may directly transmit current waves or electromagnetic waves depending on frequency and configuration). The transmitting antenna converts the high-frequency current or guided wave (energy) into radio waves—free electromagnetic waves (energy)—radiating into the surrounding space.
At the receiving end, radio waves (energy) are converted by the receiving antenna into high-frequency current or guided waves (energy), which are then transferred to the receiver through the feeding device.
From the above process, it can be seen that the antenna is not only a device for radiating and receiving radio waves but also an energy converter, serving as the interface component between the electric circuit and free space.